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EnglishH5N1 Avian Influenza 2025: Spain Nationwide Confinement & Germany 66 Outbreaks
November 19, 2025 – H5N1 Outbreak Alert in Europe
H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza – Europe Enters Full Confinement Mode
• Spain: On November 13, the Ministry of Agriculture ordered nationwide immediate indoor confinement of all free-range poultry — the second time in three years.
• Germany: 66 confirmed outbreaks in commercial farms since October, >1.2 million poultry culled, >400 wild bird cases.
• Continuing mammalian spillover: Dairy cattle (USA), mink farms (Europe), sea lions (South America) — all driven by clade 2.3.4.4b with PB2 adaptation mutations.
• Spain: On November 13, the Ministry of Agriculture ordered nationwide immediate indoor confinement of all free-range poultry — the second time in three years.
• Germany: 66 confirmed outbreaks in commercial farms since October, >1.2 million poultry culled, >400 wild bird cases.
• Continuing mammalian spillover: Dairy cattle (USA), mink farms (Europe), sea lions (South America) — all driven by clade 2.3.4.4b with PB2 adaptation mutations.
Quick Summary (30 sec)• Spain orders nationwide poultry confinement (Nov 13)
• Germany hits 66 outbreaks, >1.2M birds culled
• Clade 2.3.4.4b now dominant with PB2-E627K rising
• Mammalian spillover continues: cattle, mink, sea lions
• All abinScience reagents updated to match 2025 circulating strains
Fig. 1. Real-time tracking of influenza A/H5N1 virus evolution Showing 3334 of 3334 genomes sampled between Dec 2021 and Nov 2025(Enabled by data from USDA and GISAID)
Key Virulence Determinants & Mammalian Adaptation Markers
| Target | Function | 2025 Research Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Hemagglutinin (HA) | Receptor binding & membrane fusion; multibasic cleavage site → high pathogenicity | Neutralization assays, pseudovirus platforms, vaccine antigen design |
| Neuraminidase (NA) | Viral release; N1-specific inhibitors target | Drug resistance monitoring |
| PB2 polymerase subunit | Host adaptation marker: E627K, M631L, D701N dramatically increase replication in mammalian cells | Most critical mammalian-adaptation surveillance marker |
| M2 ion channel | Universal conserved ectodomain (M2e) – candidate for broad-spectrum vaccines | M2e-based universal flu vaccine research |
| Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) | Antagonizes type-I interferon response | Innate immunity evasion studies |
Fig. 2. Cryo-EM structure of H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) hemagglutinin trimer
Mammalian Spillover & Pandemic Risk Assessment
- Repeated independent introductions into dairy cattle (USA) with cow-to-cow transmission confirmed in multiple states.
- High-pathogenicity phenotype in marine mammals (South America) with PB2-D701N.
- European mink farm outbreaks with PB2-E627K and evidence of farm-worker seroconversion (no sustained human transmission yet).
- Peacock et al. (Nature, Jan 2025) conclude the evolutionary barrier to efficient human transmission is “lower than previously appreciated”.
abinScience H5N1 Product Catalog (All In Stock)
High-purity recombinant proteins and antibodies for H5N1 research:
✔ In Stock ✔ Low Endotoxin ✔ Purity >95% ✔ Clade 2.3.4.4b Matched
| Type | Catalog No. | Product Name |
|---|---|---|
| Protein | VK515401 | Recombinant bovine Influenza A virus (H5N1) HA/Hemagglutinin Protein, C-His |
| VK515051 | Recombinant Influenza A virus (H5N1) HA/Hemagglutinin Protein, C-His | |
| VK515132 | Recombinant Influenza A virus (H5N1) HA/Hemagglutinin Protein, N-His | |
| VK736042 | Recombinant Influenza A virus (H5N1) M2e Protein, N-GST & C-His | |
| VK736072 | Recombinant Influenza A virus (H5N1) NF (CsgA)-3M2e Protein, N-His | |
| VK736112 | Recombinant Influenza A virus (H5N1) NR (N)-3M2e Protein, N-His | |
| Antibody | VK515013 | Anti-Influenza A virus (H5N1) HA/Hemagglutinin Antibody (SAA2067) |
| VK515014 | Anti-Influenza A virus (H5N1) HA/Hemagglutinin Polyclonal Antibody | |
| VK013013 | Anti-influenza A virus (H5N1) Non-structural protein 1 Antibody (2H6) |
Frequently Asked Questions
Is PB2-E627K now fixed in European clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 strains?
Not fixed in all strains, but frequency has risen to >60% in mammalian spillover cases (cattle, mink, sea lions) in 2025.
Can H5N1 spread easily between humans?
No evidence of sustained human-to-human transmission has been reported as of November 2025.
Are abinScience H5N1 reagents matched to current circulating strains?
Yes — all HA proteins are based on clade 2.3.4.4b sequences; PB2 mutation panels available on request.
Need clade 2.3.4.4b-matched reagents or custom mutation panels?
Contact our scientific support team: support@abinscience.com | TEL: +86-027-65523339
About abinScience
abinScience is a France-headquartered biotechnology company dedicated to infectious disease research tools. We provide high-purity recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and assay kits to accelerate avian influenza research worldwide.
Empowering Bioscience Discovery
References
- Peacock, T. P., James, J., Sealy, J. E., Iqbal, M., & Barclay, W. S. (2024). Mammalian spillover and adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 22, 712–726. doi:10.1038/s41579-024-00985-w
- Morano, N. C., et al. (2025). Structure of a zoonotic H5 hemagglutinin reveals a receptor-binding site occupied by an auto-glycan. Structure, 33(2), 215–226. doi:10.1016/j.str.2024.10.005 | PDB: 9EKF | EMDB: EMD-48120
- Dusek, R. J., et al. (2014). North Atlantic migratory bird flyways provide routes for intercontinental movement of avian influenza viruses. PLOS ONE, 9(3): e92075. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092075
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), et al. (2025). Avian influenza overview June–September 2025. EFSA Journal, 23(10): 9702. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9702
- Reuters. (2025, November 12). Germany reports rising H5N1 infections in poultry farms; over 1 million birds culled. Link
- Reuters. (2025, November 13). Spain orders immediate nationwide indoor confinement of all poultry after H5N1 surge. Link
- Zhang, Y., et al. (2023). Host adaptation and transmission of avian influenza A viruses in mammals. Trends in Microbiology, 31(8), 675–690. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.007
For Research Use Only. Not for diagnostic or therapeutic use.
