OX40 (CD134) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily and serves as a crucial T-cell costimulatory molecule. It is predominantly expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Its ligand, OX40L (CD252), is mainly expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Upon binding to OX40L, OX40 triggers downstream signaling pathways that promote T cell survival, proliferation, and the secretion of cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-γ, making it a key target in OX40 immunotherapy research.
Figure 1: OX40 expression is induced on activated T cells, while OX40L expression is induced on APCs. Their interaction stimulates the clonal expansion of effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, upregulates proinflammatory cytokines, and enhances T cell survival.
Once a rising star in the field of immunotherapy, OX40 rapidly became a hot target for drug development. Its ability to robustly regulate CD4+ and CD8+ T cell survival and expansion — demonstrated across multiple animal models of infection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases — fueled high expectations. Major pharmaceutical companies eagerly invested in developing OX40 agonists, hoping to revolutionize cancer immunotherapy.
However, clinical outcomes fell short of expectations. Poor efficacy combined with frequent adverse effects meant that no OX40 agonist has successfully advanced beyond Phase II clinical trials. In January 2019, Pfizer announced the termination of its OX40 agonist PF-04518600 after a disappointing Phase I trial, where the objective response rate was only 5.8%, with most patients showing no response. Subsequently, other companies like Bristol-Myers Squibb, GSK, and AstraZeneca also halted their OX40 agonist programs due to similar failures.
Figure 2: Pfizer announces the discontinuation of its OX40 agonist program.
Despite setbacks in oncology, OX40 inhibitors have brought renewed hope for the target — this time in the realm of autoimmune diseases. On June 27, 2023, Sanofi announced that its OX40 inhibitor, Amlitelimab achieved success in a Phase 2b trial (STREAM-AD) for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, meeting both primary and key secondary endpoints at weeks 16 and 24. Amlitelimab thus joins Rocatinlimab as the second OX40 inhibitor to successfully complete a Phase 2 trial.
Rocatinlimab works by selectively reducing activated OX40+ T cells, inhibiting T cell proliferation, and lowering inflammatory cytokine production. Amlitelimab targets OX40L to block T cell activation and restore immune homeostasis. Notably, Kymab, the original developer of Amlitelimab, was acquired by Sanofi early in the clinical development phase, underscoring the high potential seen in the molecule. The success of OX40 inhibitors in treating autoimmune diseases has reignited industry interest, drawing more companies into this promising field.
Alongside clinical advances, the emergence of functional antibodies has provided researchers with powerful new tools to study OX40 signaling. Compared to transgenic mouse models, functional antibodies offer several significant advantages: reduced complexity, lower cost, shorter timelines, and direct mechanistic control.
OX40 functional antibodies are classified into two types:
These tools have been widely used to investigate T cell activation, proliferation, and immune memory, with key features such as:
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High specificity: Precisely targeting OX40 without affecting other pathways.
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Direct modulation: Allowing controlled activation or inhibition of OX40 signaling.
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Fine-tuned control: Enabling researchers to adjust timing and dosage for optimal therapeutic strategy development.
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Broad applicability: Suitable for in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical research, and amenable to combination therapy exploration.
As a core brand under ProteoGenix (France), abinScience focuses on developing and manufacturing high-quality reagents for in vivo research. Its extensive antibody library — covering over 400 validated antibodies — includes key clones such as:
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Immune checkpoint antibodies: PD-1/PD-L1 (10F9G2, RMP1-14, D12)
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Functional blocking antibodies: IFN-γ (XMG1.2), CD16/CD32 (2.4G2)
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Cytokine antibodies: IL-2 (ES6-1A12), CD40 (FGK45)
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T-cell activation antibodies: CD3 (UCHT-1), CD25 (PC61)
Each product undergoes strict validation to ensure purity, specificity, and functionality. Available in milligram to gram scales, abinScience reagents are ideal for disease mechanism studies, immunoassays, and drug development — all in stock for rapid delivery.
Below is a selection of OX40-related products offered by abinScience, including functional antibodies, in vivo-grade antibodies, research-grade monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, and positive controls. For more information, contact our specialists!
Antibody:
| Catalog No. |
Product Name |
| MW342107 |
Anti-Mouse CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (OX-86) |
| MW342014 |
Anti-Mouse CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Polyclonal Antibody |
| HW342307 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (3C8) |
| HW342117 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS0762), FITC |
| HW342217 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS2105), FITC |
| HW342317 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (3C8), FITC |
| MW342117 |
Anti-Mouse CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (OX-86), FITC |
| HW342013 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS0255) |
| HW342127 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS0762), PE |
| HW342227 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS2105), PE |
| HW342327 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (3C8), PE |
| MW342127 |
Anti-Mouse CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (OX-86), PE |
| HW342147 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS0762), PerCP |
| HW342247 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS2105), PerCP |
| HW342347 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (3C8), PerCP |
| MW342147 |
Anti-Mouse CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (OX-86), PerCP |
| HW342137 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS0762), APC |
| HW342237 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS2105), APC |
| HW342337 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (3C8), APC |
| MW342137 |
Anti-Mouse CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (OX-86), APC |
| HW342107 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS0762) |
| HW342207 |
Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Antibody (ABS2105) |
| MB651040 |
InVivoMAb Anti-Mouse CTLA4 & OX40 Bispecific Antibody (ABV0058) |
| MW754030 |
InVivoMAb Anti-Mouse TRP-1 & OX40 Bispecific Antibody (ABV0259) |
| MW342010 |
InVivoMAb Anti-Mouse PD-L1 & OX40 Bispecific Antibody (ABV0223) |
| HW342086 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (INCAGN1949) |
| HW342096 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (BAT6026) |
| HW342106 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (BMS 986178) |
| HW342126 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (INBRX-106) |
| HW342136 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (YH-002) |
| HW342146 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (GSK 3174998) |
| HW342156 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (HFB301001) |
| HW342166 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (MSB013) |
| HW342176 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (MEDI 6469) |
| HW342186 |
Research Grade Anti-Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 (ZL-1101) |
| HW342196 |
Research Grade Gimistotug |
| HW342076 |
Research Grade Rocatinlimab |
| HW342016 |
Research Grade Ivuxolimab |
| HW342026 |
Research Grade Pogalizumab |
| HW342036 |
Research Grade Tavolimab |
| HW342046 |
Research Grade Cudarolimab |
| HW342056 |
Research Grade Revdofilimab |
| HW342066 |
Research Grade Telazorlimab |
| Abs0264 |
Pogalizumab Biosimilar, Anti-CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 |
| Abs0266 |
Cudarolimab Biosimilar, Anti-CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 |
| Abs0267 |
Telazorlimab Biosimilar, Anti-CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 |
Protein:
| Catalog No. |
Product Name |
| ZW342012 |
Recombinant Red fox CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Protein, C-His |
| CW342012 |
Recombinant Dog CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Protein, C-Fc |
| MW342012 |
Recombinant Mouse CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Protein, N-His |
| HW342011 |
Recombinant Human CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Protein, C-His |
| MW342011 |
Recombinant Mouse CD134/TNFRSF4/OX40 Protein, C-Fc |
| HB937021 |
Recombinant Human CD252/TNFSF4/OX40L Protein, C-His |
| HB937012 |
Recombinant Human CD252/TNFSF4 Protein, N-His |
| HB937011 |
Recombinant Human CD252/TNFSF4 Protein, N-Fc |
References on OX40 Immunotherapy and T-Cell Research:
- Fu, Y., Lin, Q., Zhang, Z., and Zhang, L. (2020). Therapeutic strategies for the costimulatory molecule OX40 in T-cell-mediated immunity. Acta Pharm Sin B, 10, 414-433. doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2019.08.010
- Gress, A.R., Ronayne, C.E., Thiede, J.M., Meyerholz, D.K., Okurut, S., Stumpf, J., Mathes, T.V., Ssebambulidde, K., Meya, D.B., Cresswell, F.V., et al. (2023). Recently activated CD4 T cells in tuberculosis express OX40 as a target for host-directed immunotherapy. Nat Commun, 14, 8423. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44152-8
- Gracias, D.T., Sethi, G.S., Mehta, A.K., Miki, H., Gupta, R.K., Yagita, H., and Croft, M. (2021). Combination blockade of OX40L and CD30L inhibits allergen-driven memory T(H)2 cell reactivity and lung inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 147, 2316-2329. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.037
